Egyptian-Tanzanian relations are a model of African cooperation based on a long historical legacy, as their roots go back to the era of Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Julius Nyerere, who played a pivotal role in supporting African liberation movements and establishing the Organization of African Unity, which formed a solid foundation for political, economic and cultural relations between the two countries. Relations between them are based on the principle of cooperation and understanding in the social, economic, political, defense and security fields There is a joint supreme committee between the two countries that meets periodically to support comprehensive cooperation between the two countries. Both countries relations extend to the official aspect only, but extend to cultural and popular ties that reflect the spirit of brotherhood and rapprochement between the two peoples. Therefore, what unites Egypt and Tanzania today is more than just bilateral cooperation, but rather a shared vision for a unified African future based on sustainable development, stability, and the exchange of experiences in a way that serves the interests of all African peoples.
First: The historical roots of Egyptian-Tanzanian relations
Egyptian-Tanzanian relations are a unique model of cooperation between liberation leaders in Africa and the Arab world. Their roots go back to the 1950s and 1960s, and are based on solidarity in confronting colonialism, supporting liberation movements, and building African unity. The struggle for Tanganyika’s independence began in 1954 under the leadership of Julius Nyerere. This movement received direct support from President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who provided political and media support through “Sawt Al Arab” Radio Which began broadcasting daily in Swahili in support of the Tanzanian national movement, which contributed to Tanganyika gaining its independence in 1961, then merging with Zanzibar in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.
Egypt was one of the first countries to recognize the new state and provide it with political and economic support. A close relationship was established between the two leaders, Abdel Nasser and Nyerere, as they shared a socialist orientation and their pursuit of independent development and rejection of foreign hegemony. This rapprochement was evident in the historical meetings between them, most notably Abdel Nasser’s visit to Tanzania in 1966 to discuss supporting the non-independent African peoples and strengthening the Organization of African Unity[1].
In return, Nyerere visited Egypt where Abdel Nasser took him to the National Assembly (Parliament) in a symbolic gesture that reflects the strength of the relationship. Egypt also established the “Egyptian Islamic Center” in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1968, and fully financed it, making it a symbol bore of cultural and educational cooperation. These historical roots constitute the cornerstone of long-term strategic relations, which still inspire today’s efforts to enhance cooperation between the two countries in the economic, political, and water fields.
During the era of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, Egyptian-Tanzanian relations witnessed a remarkable renewal and strategic development, building on the historical legacy established by Abdel Nasser and Nyerere, and a new phase of intensive cooperation was launched, beginning with a historic visit by El-Sisi to Tanzania on August 14, 2017, the first visit by an Egyptian president since 1968, during which extensive discussions were held with President John Magufuli The two sides agreed to develop cooperation in the areas of combating corruption and to activate the joint committee between the two countries.
Magufuli also called on President Sisi to lay the foundation stone for the Stiegler’s Gorge Dam (Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project)” praising Egypt’s expertise in implementing national projects. On November 10, 2021, Sisi received Tanzanian President Samia Hassan on her first official visit to Egypt, where he stressed Egypt’s keenness to enhance strategic cooperation in the economic, commercial, and security fields, and to support Tanzania’s development needs in infrastructure, electricity, health, and agriculture through investments by Egyptian companies and the transfer of expertise.
Second: Dimensions of Egyptian-Tanzanian relations
1- The political and diplomatic dimension
Political and diplomatic relations between Egypt and Tanzania are based on solid historical foundations dating back to the era of leaders Gamal Abdel Nasser and Julius Nyerere, who contributed to the establishment of the Organization of African Unity. They are based on cooperation and coordination on political, economic, security, and African continent issues, especially the files of East Africa and the Nile Basin countries. Tanzania is a strategic partner of Egypt in promoting regional integration. The establishment of diplomatic dates back to when Salem Ahmed Salem became Tanzania’s first ambassador to Egypt in 1964, following the unification between Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
In 1966, President Gamal Abdel Nasser went to Tanzania on an official visit during which he met with the late President Julius Nyerere and members of the Tanzanian National Union Party. The official discussions between Presidents Abdel Nasser and Nyerere dealt with coordination between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Federal Republic of Tanzania to help the African peoples who had not yet gained independence, as well as means of supporting the Organization of African Unity.
A strong friendship brought the two leaders together, due to the similarity between the “Nyerere” project in Tanzania and the Nasser project in Egypt. Both raised the slogan of “socialism” and adopted the same common orientations towards African and international issues. One of the historical facts that reflects this relationship is the historic visit made by Tanzanian President “Nyerere” to Egypt, where President Gamal Abdel Nasser took him to the National Assembly in Egypt.
In the same context, President Benjamin Mkapa visited Egypt and discussed with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in July 1999 many economic issues and ways to strengthen relations between the two countries to rise to the level of political relations. The visit was repeated again on January 21, 2003, to discuss a number of African issues, ways to support bilateral relations, resolve disputes, and regional and international issues of common interest[2].
The most prominent development in Egyptian-Tanzanian relations was in August 2017, when President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi visited Tanzania, the first visit by an Egyptian president since 1968. He was received by Tanzanian President John Magufuli and senior Tanzanian officials. During the visit, President El-Sisi held a bilateral discussion session with the Tanzanian president, followed by an expanded discussion session attended by delegations from both countries. The two presidents agreed to develop cooperation between the two countries in the field of combating corruption and Activating the joint committee between the two countries; with the aim of enhancing cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania. President Magufuli also called on President Sisi to lay the foundation stone for the Tanzanian dam project, expressing his aspiration for the president to place the dam construction project under his supervision, similar to the major national projects implemented by Egypt.
President Sisi also held a phone call with Tanzanian President Samia Hassan in June 2021, congratulating her on assuming the presidency. During the call, they discussed developing trade exchange and supporting development projects, most notably the Julius Nyerere Dam, which is a model for the Egyptian-Tanzanian partnership. Relations are also witnessing intense diplomatic activity at the ministerial level, as the Egyptian Foreign Minister met with his Tanzanian counterpart on the sidelines of international meetings to discuss deepening bilateral cooperation The joint supreme committee between the two countries is the main mechanism for advancing cooperation relations in all fields, reflecting the commitment of both parties to strengthening the strategic partnership and unifying positions on regional and international issues.
There is continuous coordination between the foreign ministries of the two countries through periodic meetings and consultation sessions, and each party supports the other in international forums, such as Tanzania’s support for the Egyptian candidate in UNESCO, and Egypt’s participation in African peace and sustainable development forums. The two sides also always stress the importance of continuing cooperation in the Nile Basin file and major national projects[3].
The two current leaderships are working to develop this relationship through periodic presidential meetings and continuous contacts, the most prominent of which was President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi meeting with Tanzanian President Samia Hassan on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Rio de Janeiro in November 2024, and a previous meeting in December 2023 in Cairo, where emphasis was placed on enhancing cooperation in infrastructure, agriculture, and livestock.
2- The economic and commercial dimension
Economic cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania is witnessing a major boom, translated into huge investments, growing trade exchange, and strategic partnerships in vital sectors. In February 1967, the two governments signed a trade protocol, which is considered a continuation of the trade agreement signed between the two countries in 1964. In 1980, the General Agreement for Economic Cooperation was signed between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Federal Republic of Tanzania, and the Technical Cooperation Agreement was signed between the Egyptian Fund for Technical Cooperation and Tanzania in 1981 In 2002, an agreement was signed to establish a Tanzanian-Egyptian Business Council between the Egyptian Businessmen Association and the Federation of Tanzanian Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture. Discussions were also held on the agreement to exchange customs exemptions between the two countries, under which customs duties on goods would be reduced on both sides. In July 2003, the Tanzanian Minister of Trade and Industry agreed with the Egyptian Minister of Foreign Trade on the necessity of establishing a free trade area between the two countries, with the aim of supporting investments and trade cooperation[4].
Egyptian investments amounting more than $1.36 billion, making Egypt among the top 10 investing countries Tanzania. These investments focus on the construction, energy, food, and chemical sectors. The most prominent goods exported from Egypt to Tanzania include various chemical products, paints, inks, fillers, plastic products, fertilizers, water purification materials, and detergents, While Egypt imports agricultural products such as coffee and tobacco from Tanzania, in addition to coconuts and gold, Tanzania’s imports from Egypt amounted to more than $54 million in 2023, compared to Tanzanian exports exceeding $4.7 million, which reflects an unbalanced trade exchange in Egypt’s favor, but is an incentive to expand the scope of partnerships[5].
Joint trade missions were organized to enhance this cooperation, most notably an Egyptian trade mission to Tanzania in February 2025, in which 23 Egyptian companies from the chemical, building materials, and thermal industries sectors participated, with the aim of opening new markets and signing trade deals. The Egyptian African Businessmen Association also organized a Tanzanian economic mission to Egypt, which included more than 50 businessmen, to explore opportunities in tourism, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure. The visit included field tours of farms pharmaceutical factories, real estate development sites, in addition to meetings with government officials, including the Ministry of Housing, which presented investment opportunities in the real estate sector. A joint business forum was also opened in March 2025 in the presence of the foreign ministers of the two countries, during which emphasis was placed on encouraging Egyptian companies to expand their presence in Africa, especially with the establishment of the “Egyptian Agency for Export and Investment Guarantee” to support expansion in African markets.
The most prominent example of this cooperation is the “Julius Nyerere Dam” and Hydroelectric Power Plant project, implemented by “Arab Contractors” and “El-Sewedy Electric” at a cost of more than $3 billion. It is considered one of the largest development projects in East Africa and is a pioneering model of joint African cooperation, as it contributes to securing energy and stimulating industrial and agricultural development in Tanzania.
Egypt also seeks to enhance logistical integration by opening branches of Egyptian banks in “Dar El-Salaam” Launching a direct sea transport line and implementing an Egyptian logistics zone project in Tanzania to facilitate the movement of goods and trade. Future cooperation plans include transferring Egyptian expertise in protected agriculture, pharmaceutical industries, and developing urban communities to Tanzania through development projects and joint training. Many water resources projects have been implemented, including drilling underground wells to provide drinking water to remote areas While working to increase these projects according to a memorandum of understanding to include 60 wells and implement two dams to harvest rainwater to achieve water security and sustainable development, these relations constitute a model of African cooperation based on mutual benefit, and enhance Egypt’s role as an industrial and commercial center in East Africa[6].
– Roads and transportation sector
Lieutenant General Engineer “Kamel Al-Wazir”, Minister of Transport, went on a visit to Tanzania, during which he met with officials of the Tanzania Trade Authority(Tan Trade), where the Minister discussed with officials of the government authority and the private sector, in addition to officials of the Tanzania Federation of Industries, ways to support trade movement between the two countries and increase cooperation between Egyptian and Tanzanian ports The Minister of Transport confirmed during press statements that this visit comes within the framework of the political leadership’s directives to work to enhance cooperation and maximize intra-African trade.
In light of the importance of promoting the implementation of a number of important continental projects that serve to strengthen relations with the countries of the continent and their economic return to Egypt, as the port of “Dar es Salam” in Tanzania represents one of the most important anchor ports in East Africa, pointing to the proposal to link this port with Egypt’s Safaga Port through a regular shipping line to Dar es Salam Port in Tanzania, as well as establishing a logistics zone in“ Dar es Salam” in Tanzania, Kigali in Rwanda, to collect Egyptian exports and transport them by sea to Tanzania, from there by land to Rwanda, and then to the rest of the landlocked Central African countries.
The Minister of Transport stressed the importance of joint cooperation in the field of industrial zones in Tanzania that aspire to increase the number of their factories or in the field of developing the port of “ Dar el Salam” or the current railway line, as well as cooperation in establishing a dry port and logistics zones in the Kwala area. The two sides discussed the most important ways to connect the projects to each other, which is the internal road network in Tanzania In addition to the main land road linking Egypt to Tanzania within the framework of the Cairo-Cape Town Road, which passes through 10 African countries, including in the Federal Republic of Tanzania[7].
– Livestock and fisheries sector
In February 2024, Egypt pledged to cooperate with Tanzania to strengthen the livestock and fisheries sector. Major General Richard Makanzo, Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Tanzania to Egypt, held talks with Professor “Saad Moussa”, Relations Supervisor at the Ministry of Agriculture and The Central Administration of Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), to strengthen relations and explore new areas of cooperation between the Tanzanian Ministry of Agriculture and the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture.
Professor Saad stressed the need to revive and fully implement the cooperation agreement signed in 2018 in the agricultural sector through the Joint Cooperation Committee (JPC). He also explained the need to revive the two memoranda of understanding in the agricultural sector that were signed; to increase the scope of cooperation in the livestock sector, agricultural equipment, irrigation, fishing, and various types of training to provide opportunities for agricultural officials from Tanzania and Zanzibar. Major General “Richard Makanzo” expressed his thanks for the good cooperation between Tanzania and Egypt in various sectors, including agriculture, and stressed the need to continue strengthening the existing relationship and cooperation by strengthening the fisheries sector[8].
3- The educational and cultural dimension
The areas of educational and cultural cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania include an integrated set of activities and initiatives aimed at enhancing mutual understanding, building capabilities, and transferring expertise. Egypt provides annual scholarships to Tanzanian students in various specializations that Tanzania needs, especially in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, engineering, and science, through the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Memorandums of understanding were also signed between the two countries in the fields of higher education, education, youth, and sports to enhance institutional cooperation.
Egypt also established, manages, and bears the costs of the Egyptian Islamic Center at Dar es Salaam, which was opened in 1968. It is considered one of the most prominent manifestations of cultural cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania, as more than 1,400 students study there at various levels of education from primary to secondary school, and the center also sends 20 students annually to complete their studies at Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Egypt.
At Al-Azhar University, a Swahili language department was established within the Faculties of Languages and Translation to facilitate cultural and religious communication. The Egyptian Ministry of Endowments also cooperated with the Dar Al-Iftaa in Tanzania to spread moderate thought and confront extremism, by training Tanzanian imams and preachers at the International Endowments Academy in Cairo, and supporting the Egyptian Cultural Center in Tanzania. In the cultural field, relations are strengthened through the exchange of media delegations The Middle East News Agency received a large Tanzanian media delegation in 2018, during which the two sides discussed exchanging news and promoting a positive image between the two peoples.
Experiences were also exchanged in the fields of communications, information technology, and air transport, where it was agreed to activate flights between the two countries and encourage technical cooperation between airlines. In the sports field, the Ministers of Youth and Sports from the two countries met to discuss exchanging experiences and providing training. A Tanzanian delegation visited the Al Jazira Club Sports Center to learn about the talent sponsorship system, which reflects the commitment of both parties to building a comprehensive partnership that combines education, culture, media, and sports[9].
4- The health dimension
In 2012, Egypt donated an X-ray machine to the Police Hospital in Dar es Salaam, and equipped a complete morgue for the same hospital, and the surgery ward at Bagamoyo Hospital was also equipped, and the Egyptian Agency for Partnership for Development also donated to the University Hospital in Dar es Salaam a complete unit for kidney and urinary tract laparoscopic surgeries, which was actually delivered in March 2014, in addition to 4 dialysis machines.
On 17/8/2016, a delegation of 7 doctors from Alexandria University visited Tanzania and Zanzibar Island, within the framework of the agreement signed between Alexandria University and “Mohambili University” aimed at supporting health and scientific cooperation between the two universities to perform surgical operations on children. This was the third visit for the third year in a row by a medical delegation from Alexandria University, as a similar medical delegation
Visited Tanzania in 2014 and 2015 to perform surgeries and treat some children who need urgent medical care.
In 2017, the Egyptian “Nile of Hope” Foundation launched the fourth specialized Hope Caravan for Pediatric Surgery and Congenital Deformities in the city of Zanzibar; to treat children with congenital malformations for free, the convoy performed more than 50 surgical operations and conducted medical examinations on more than 200 children[10].
At the institutional level, health cooperation is witnessing intensive communication between the two countries’ ministries of health. The Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health received the Tanzanian ambassador in August 2024 to discuss ways to support the health sector in Tanzania. Emphasis was placed on continuing to send medical convoys and enhancing technical and scientific exchange. Egypt is also one of the first countries to provide organized medical support to Africa through the Egyptian Export and Investment Guarantee Agency, which coordinates medical support efforts It encourages private sector participation in establishing specialized medical centers on the continent, reflecting a strategic vision that combines humanitarian responsibility with Egyptian soft power in Africa.
Health cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania includes a set of intensive initiatives and activities aimed at improving medical services, building capacities, and transferring distinguished Egyptian medical expertise. Egypt regularly organizes specialized medical convoys to Tanzania, most notably the convoy organized by the Faculty of Medicine at Aswan University in October 2025, which provided free medical services to dozens of patients in various specialties, including performing surgical operations.
5- The military security dimension
In November 2017, Minister of State for Military Production, “Mohamed Said Al-Assar”, discussed with Director of the Tanzanian Intelligence and Security Services Agency, “Modestus Kibelimba”, ways to enhance bilateral cooperation, and Al-Assar stressed the provision of all demands of the Tanzanian side, whether military or civilian, in a way that enhances bilateral cooperation between the two sides.
In March 2019, President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi received Minister” Hussein Mwinyi” , Minister of Defense and National Service of Tanzania, and in light of the visit, the President welcomed efforts to support military cooperation between the two countries, especially in light of the convening of the Military Cooperation Committee in Cairo headed by the defense ministers of the two countries.
Military cooperation between Egypt and Tanzania witnessed a remarkable development in August 2025, when Lieutenant General ”Abdel Majeed Sakr”, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production, met with Ms.” Stergomena Lawrence Tax”, Minister of Defense and National Service of Tanzania, and her accompanying delegation, at the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense. An official reception ceremony was held during which military bands played the national anthems of both countries. The meeting discussed a number of topics of common interest including ways to enhance aspects of military cooperation between the Egyptian and Tanzanian armed forces[11].
The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces stressed the depth of the historical ties and relations between the two countries, and the keenness of the General Command of the Armed Forces to increase the bonds of cooperation in various military fields. For her part, the Tanzanian Minister of Defense expressed her appreciation for Egypt’s pivotal role in supporting peace and stability in the African continent, and expressed her aspiration to increase joint cooperation between the two countries in the next stage. Following the meeting, the two sides signed a military cooperation agreement aimed at transferring and exchanging expertise in many military fields, which contributes to enhancing defense capabilities and building military cadres in both countries. The meeting and signing of the agreement were attended by Lieutenant General “Ahmed Khalifa”, Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Lieutenant General “Salom Haji Osman”, Chief of Staff of the Tanzanian People’s Defense Forces in addition to the Tanzanian Ambassador and Military Attaché in Cairo This reflects the commitment of both parties to strengthening the security partnership and confronting common regional challenges.
6- The media dimension
In 2018, Ali Hassan, Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of the Middle East News Agency, received the Tanzanian media delegation headed by “Dr. Jim J. Yutazi”, Editor-in-Chief of the Tanzanian press group “Tanzania Standard Newspapers”, the largest media group in Tanzania. The Chairman of the Tanzanian press group expressed his happiness to visit the Middle East News Agency, which he described as “old and distinguished” and possessing extensive experience in the field of journalism Expressing his group’s aspiration to cooperate with the Middle East News Agency and benefit from its long experience, he said that exchanging news between the two parties would contribute to strengthening relations between the two brotherly peoples, as the Tanzanian citizen would be informed of the developments Egypt is witnessing in many fields and the huge economic reforms, as well as the great boom in the tourism sector, and the Egyptian citizen would also get to know Tanzanian society more.
Tanzanian journalists also participated in training courses organized by the Supreme Council for Egyptian Media Regulation, in cooperation with the Union of African Journalists and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 61st session concluded in September 2025 with the participation of 18 African countries, reflecting Egypt’s commitment to building the capacity of African media professionals and strengthening professional ties between media institutions on the continent[12].
Third: Common challenges and hopes between Egypt and Tanzania
Egypt and Tanzania share a number of common challenges and hopes that constitute a major focus of their strategic cooperation. The two countries face cross-border challenges, most notably combating terrorism, climate change, food security, and infrastructure shortages. This calls for strengthening cooperation between African countries within a framework of solidarity to confront these risks. Egypt and Tanzania believe that regional integration is the only way to achieve sustainable development and prosperity. They therefore focus on advancing the African Union’s progress and promoting economic integration through initiatives such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), although the absence of a direct free trade agreement between the two countries is one of the challenges hindering more balanced trade exchange, as Tanzania is part of the Commune Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), while Egypt seeks to expand its trade influence in East Africa.
In terms of ambitions, the two countries share the goal of establishing security and stability in East Africa, and supporting peace in conflict zones. The Nile Basin file is also a vital common issue, as Egypt seeks to enhance development cooperation with the basin countries, including Tanzania, by supporting infrastructure, energy, and agricultural projects, and encouraging Egyptian investment in Tanzania, especially in the construction, chemical, and energy sectors, through strategic partnerships such as the Julius Nyerere Dam project Considered a model of joint African cooperation, the two countries aspire to build a comprehensive partnership that includes education, health, and culture, through the exchange of expertise, the provision of scholarships, the organization of medical convoys, and the support of media institutions. The Aswan Forum for Peace and Sustainable Development constitutes an important platform for this cooperation, as Tanzania was invited to participate in it as part of the Egyptian vision to enhance African dialogue and build a common future based on peace, development, and prosperity.
Conclusion
It can be said that what unites the two countries goes beyond the limits of official diplomacy, to express a historical relationship rooted in the African conscience and true bonds of brotherhood and partnership that extended for decades of cooperation and understanding. Egypt and Tanzania have stood side by side since the dawn of African independence, and worked together for the renaissance of the continent and the realization of the aspirations of its peoples towards development and freedom. Over time, these ties have not weakened, but have become stronger and deeper thanks to the major development projects they have witnessed, such as cooperation in the fields of energy, infrastructure, education, and health, in addition to continuous coordination on political and regional issues that advance the interests of the entire continent.
Therefore, relations between Egypt and Tanzania today represent a pioneering model of African integration. They are a relationship that combines a glorious past, a prosperous present, and a promising future. They affirm that the will of the people is stronger than challenges, and that sincere cooperation is the path to achieving development and stability. Hence, Egyptian-Tanzanian relations remain a symbol of loyalty and a solid bridge linking the banks of the Nile and East Africa, towards a bright tomorrow in which the continent will flourish with the help of its people.
References:
[1] العلاقات المصرية – التنزانية امتداد تاريخى وثيق وتعاون متكامل، حركة ناصر الشبابية، مصر، 2024م، متاح على: https://2u.pw/F54Zhq
[2] ريهام عبدالله، العلاقات المصرية التنزانية تعاون ومصالح مشتركة.. صداقة ناصر ونيريرى أثمرت عن “الوحدة الأفريقية”، اليوم السابع، مصر، 2024م، متاح على: https://2u.pw/dKnXy0
[3] Egypt and Tanzania: 53 Years of Mutual Cooperation, General Authority for Information, Egypt, available at: https://2u.pw/Kwk6nn
[5] حمد ماجد، مسارات تعامل الاقتصاد المصري مع أفريقيا (3) (نموذج التعاون المصري مع جمهورية تنزانيا الاتحادية)، مركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية وتنمية القيم، 2024م، متاح على: https://2u.pw/Gu2BEJ
[6] سناء علام، بمشاركة 23 شركة.. بعثة تجارية مصرية إلى تنزانيا لتعزيز التعاون الاقتصادي والتجاري، أموال الغد، 2025، متاح على: https://2u.pw/7S8OmU
[7] وزير النقل: مستعدون للتعاون المشترك في رفع كفاءة وتجديد شبكه الطرق الداخلية بتنزانيا، المصدر، 2024م، متاح على: https://2u.pw/QJeBpG
